Happiness Economics & Wellbeing Public Policy
Social Innovation and Socioeconomic Development Policy
Gross National Wellbeing and Happiness Index
GNW /
GNH Index
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Thought Leadership
In 2005, Med Jones introduced the first Gross National Happiness and Wellbeing Index. The GNW / GNH Index framework was created to help guide and measure socioeconomic development. In 2006, he published a highly-respected white-paper that outlined recommendations for GNW Index policies and implementation. The recommended framework is considered a breakthrough in economic thinking. Several prominent organization followed with similar initiatives and framework design and policy recommendations. Among them are Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission (published 2009) commissioned by President Sarkozy in France, the OECD Better Life Index (2011), the UK Wellbeing Index (2011) commissioned by President Cameron in Britain, and the Bhutan local GNH Index (2012) commission.
Academic Research and History Notes:
The term Gross National Happiness (GNH) was coined by Sicco Mansholt in 1972. One of the Founding Fathers of the European Union and the fourth President of the European Commission. The term first appeared in the European Commission's French-language Report 1958-1972 (page 182). [Note: The English translation of the "Bonheur National Brut (BNB)" is Gross National Happiness in (GNH). However no econometric framework and no GNH index existed until 2005. The US-based economist, Med Jones is credited with the first statistical measurements framework and public opinion survey of what he calls well-being economics (GNW / GNH) that included subjective and objective measures of happiness and well-being stress, such as multi-dimensional life satisfaction, consumer and national debt to GDP, fairness of income distribution, and the relationship between earnings and prices (inflation) and crime rates, etc.
Disambiguation:
The first GNH Index was published by the International Institute of Management several years before Bhutan created and published a their local GNH Index. The first Bhutan GNH philosophy and Index was created to preserve the local Buddhist religious and cultural traditions, it included measurements of the number of prayers and karma indicators. The IIM GNH Index is a global scientific index that is designed to measure citizens' wellbeing independently of religious affiliations.
The coining of the Gross National Happiness (GNH) phrase and the creation of the GNH Index are widely mis-attributed to Bhutan by the media and academia. IIM believes that the Bhutanese diplomatic machine launched an intense media campaign and used the United Nations resources (including the World Happiness Report and Conferences) to spread the mis-information that the phrase "Gross National Happiness" was coined by the Bhutanese the 4th King of Bhutan, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck 1980s (i.e. when he was of 16!) and that Bhutan created the first GNH Index. We believe that this might constitute an academic misconduct that requires further investigation and validation by the UN academic integrity office and the academic community at large. For an independent academic mis-conduct investigation and resources on the history of GNH, please see the bottom section of this page.
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Industry Recognition
(Note: Some excerpts are google-translated into English from their native language)
(Click on the reference thumbnails below to see the original source)
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In The Pursuit of Personal and
Political Happiness (page 30)
The
concept at the heart of the Bhutanese approach is not dissimilar
from the metric used by Med Jones is based on a series of
statistical measurements and public opinion testing of what he calls
economic wellness...Economic Wellness include issues like consumer
and national debt, fairness of income distribution, and the
relationship between and earnings and prices...Perhaps Mr. Cameron
and President Sarkozy will discover that there are certain universal
truths attached to what makes people and nations happy.
Alastair Campbell, Director of Strategy &
Communications for U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair
(United Kingdom)
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Report for Congressman
Hansen Clarke
21st Century GDP: National
Indicators for a New Era: Findings & Recommendations: Congress
should prescribe the broad parameters of new, carefully designed
supplemental national indicators...[Appendix: Taxonomy of
Alternative Indicators: (Page 91 & 93)]...Med Jones' (proposal)..to measure a generalized GNH by assessing
seven different areas of wellness: economic, environmental,
physical, mental, workplace, social, and political. Most wellness
areas include both subjective results (via survey) and objective
data.
Ben Beachy & Justin Zorn, PhDs.
John F. Kennedy School of
Government
Harvard University
(USA)
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Climate
Colab - A Global Proposal
We are going through one of
the greatest social transformations in history - the shift from the
Industrial Age to the Information Age...For the first time in
history we have the capabilities and tools to collaborate globally
using a scientific systems approach to addressing human needs.
Rationale for the proposal:
(1) The need
for new measures of social and economic health..
(2) Information
Age Economy - based on measures of satisfying Human Needs and
Values...
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness - these are
simple principles that the vast majority of people in the world
would agree are fundamental human needs. An Information Age Economy
will focus on delivering a happy and abundant life in the most
economical way to the worlds people...
Discovery
Reference: International Institute of Management's Gross
National Happiness (GNH) - A Policy White Paper
Ted
Schulman, Managing Partner, Transformative Communities, Climate
Colab
MIT Center for Collective Intelligence
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The
Ethical Implications of Value for New Economic Thinking
The above
seven metrics were incorporated into the first Global GNH Survey.
(by Med Jones, at the International Institute of Management)
Book: Value Economics (Page 112)
M. R. Griffiths, Governor British
Institute of Florence, (Italy)
J. R. Lucas, Fellow British
Academy, University of Oxford, (UK)
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ON THE QUESTION OF THE FORMATION OF
A NEW PARADIGM OF ECONOMIC THEORY
Since the
1950s, one can observe the formation of new scientific directions on
the border of economic theory with other social sciences: economic
sociology , economic psychology, etc...
[2006 Med Jones approach] to happiness measurement gives many prospects for the development of economic science. The complexity of this concept is very important to help bring economics to a new level of development.
Journal of Scientific Publications (Page
36)
Osetrov V.N., Senior Lecturer, Department of General Economic Theory,
Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg
(Russia)
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Beyond
the Digital Divide: A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Knowledge
Societies
So we have a Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index proposed
in 2006 by the US-based International Institute of Management that
considers the cultural trait of being happy and content as a
socioeconomic development metric encompassing a society's mental and
emotional health. However, with some exceptions, many of these
aspects of how a society lives with fulfilling knowledge, have yet
to enter into the lexicon of most knowledge policy planners.
Journal of Knowledge Management (2008)
Ravi S Sharma, Elaine W. J. Ng, Mathias Dharmawirya, and Lee Chu
Keong.
Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore
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The
United Nations' Global Happiness Measurement
The [Bhutan] National
Happiness Index (GNH) lived for three decades the King's vision
without having attracted much attention in the world. Obviously, in
addition to the lack of a universal definition of happiness, [and
the difficulty to be] measured objectively it hindered the
Bhutanese initiative to have a global echo... In 2005, Gross National
Well-being (GNW) created by economist Med Jones at International
Institute of Management... Happiness Planet Index in 2006 led by Nic
Mars an activist in London's New Economic Foundation in London... The
Paris based OECD established Better Life Index in 2011.... The United
Nations General Assembly itself received on 19 July 2011 a decision
to compare the state of development of the countries (65/309):
"Happiness: the holistic development framework"... In June 2012, the
United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution (A
/ RES / 66/281) that the 20th Anniversary of every year should be
the International Day of Happiness.
Professor Geza Ankerl,
Specialist
in International Bodies, Adviser to the United Nations in Geneva
University of Geneva and Budapest University
Hungarian National
Library - Economic Sociology
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Gross National Happiness (GNH) -
The internationalization of a concept and national challenge.
A second-generation GNH concept, treating
happiness as a socioeconomic development metric, was proposed in
2006 by Med Yones, the President of International Institute of
Management. The metric measures socioeconomic development by
tracking 7 development area including the nation's mental and
emotional health GNH value is proposed to be an index function of
the total average per capita...The above 7 metrics were incorporated
into the first Global GNH Survey...
In Thimphu 24-26 Nov.2008... In a bid to measure happiness the Center for Bhutan Studies (CBS) has constructed a single number Gross National Happiness Index. "The GNH index tries to bring into one number the nine dimensions of GNH" explained Sabina Alkire, the director of Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative, who co-authored the study with Dasho Karma Ura, the president of CBS.
Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel Prize for Economics 2001 and former vice president of the Bank world, said at a conference on development in Cleveland USA, 2008, that "standard measures of GNP do not take account for the degradation of the environment and natural resources..".
Francoise Pommaret,
Adjunct Professor at Royal University of
Bhutan (Bhutan)
Director of Research,
France's National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS.FR)French Ministry of Education and Research.
(France)
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Restructuring the Global Economy
The
current global economic crisis (2008) has its roots in the mindset
and lifestyle of people in general.... A new
economic index that is centered on wellness rather than material
growth needs to be adopted by governments to reframe their policies
and programs. GNW or GNH (Gross National Wellness/Happiness) is an
index that would fit this requirement. Thus it would be in the
fitness of things and conducive to Human Union and Global Harmony
that GNH or GNW, a new comprehensive index for socioeconomic growth
and development is adopted at the national and global levels. The
current economic crisis provides an opportunity for making this
transition. In fact this may be the only viable way out to rescue
the world from a worsening crisis that is born out of a system that
is built on false premises.
Dr. Vijayaraghavan Padmanabhan
Professor
at Madras Medical College, Chennai
(India)
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Health
Care and Life Satisfaction in Spain
..the Gross National Well-being
(GNW), which was the first of its kind combining subjective measures
(satisfaction) and objective data (economic indicators), tracking 7
different areas of wellness. This index set the first framework for
future research combining both subjective and objective data... In
2008, the French president Nicolas Sarcozy, assessed by two Nobel
Prizes, under the name 'The Quality Life Commission', announced a
revolutionary plan to include happiness and well-being among the key
indicators of economic progress"
Economics Paper: An Empirical Analysis for the Period
2002 - 2014
Iban Ortuzar
Fern'ndez, University of Girona
(Spain)
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Integrated Model for
Sustainable Development (2008)
Med Yones,
President of International Institute of Management in 2006 stated
that along with economic growth the other important factors for
general happiness are Environmental, Physical, Mental, Workplace,
Social and Political wellness
Vineet. H. Varma ; Gopi Chattopadhyay
Industrial
Engineering Journal 2008 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Central Queensland
University, Australia
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Philosophy & Management's
Conference
A composite index proposed by the
International Institute of Management pursues the same ambition to
quantify happiness, encompassing 7 factors: the economic, the
environment, physical health, mental health, well-being at work, the
good social, political health. The Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi commission,
created at the initiative of President Sarkozy in France, also
examined the problem. The OECD has launched an interactive indicator
"Better Living" which aims to enable everyone to measure and compare
their own quality of life by going beyond the traditional framework
of Gross Domestic Product statistics. Finally, the UN is taking a
close interest in research on new development indicators: it has
thus created a "Working Group for a New Development Paradigm.."
Laurent Ledoux, Director of
"Philosophy & Management".
Academic Director, Solvay, Brussels
School, the Louvain School of Management and HEC Li'ge. Chairman of
the Management Committee of the Federal Public Service for Mobility
and Transport (DG of the Belgian Ministry of
Transport).
(Belgium)
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Book:
Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications
The first global study on
GNH included multi-criteria measures of economic, environmental,
physical, mental, social, workplace and political wellness (by IIM).
Professor Herman E. Daly School of
Maryland, School of Public Affairs and Former Senior Economist
World Bank
Dr. Joshua Farley, PhD, Agricultural Economics,
Cornell
University and Executive Director of Gund Institute of Ecological
Economics (page 274)
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Happiness Index: A New
Standard for Evaluating Rights and Legal Systems
Happiness is a problem worthy of consideration by the legal
scholars. In the history of human ideas, happiness has the dual
tension of virtue and sensibility... The necessity of jurisprudence
to explore the issue of well-being Happiness is a value pursuit that
no race, government or nation will reject. It is not only a
higher-order value, but also a complex of multiple values, and all
other values are Happiness and service... There are many ways to
calculate the happiness index. It can be calculated not only through
economic data, but also from a psychological point of view. It
should also be measured by specific indicators such as legislation,
law enforcement, and justice. When the International Institution of
Management of the United States conducted a survey on national
well-being, it mainly focused on evaluating the quality of
democracy, individual freedom, foreign conflicts, and other
indicators of political well-being. In terms of social well-being,
it mainly focused on internal conflicts and Dispute resolution
mechanisms, social discrimination, divorce rates, public interest
litigation, crime rates, social security, and other indicators.
China Law Society: China Law Innovation Network - Miaowen Gong
Institute of Law
Li Lei Feng, Jurist Tsinghua University
(China)
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Why Happiness?
Happiness research is gaining popularity among scientists as well as
in politics and the public. But what exactly does that mean and
where does the endeavor to make "happiness" measurable? Already
Aristotle described the "happiness" as "the goal of all human
aspirations and longings". For thousands of years, the question of
happiness and its accessibility in philosophy, at Stammtisch and in
literary advisers. But only in recent years has the trend to
calculate and compare it...
The sudden focus of politics is only consistent. After all, the overriding goal of policy decisions should be to increase the well-being of the population. Governments that focus exclusively on economic growth can quickly lose track of this goal. They do not always make the most happiness-friendly choices in terms of long-term sustainable development.... As a result, according to American researcher Med Jones, the economic growth by a happier and more balanced population will come on its own. Happier people are not only generally more efficient, but are also in a healthier state of health.
GEO Educational Magazine
Lea Wrobel, Msc.
Geographic Development Studies
The University of Bonn
(Germany)
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Policy
Innovations for Governance: A Proposal to the Federal Government of
Nigeria
These innovations can help manage
important policy priorities such as poverty alleviation, economic
empowerment, high crime rate, civil conflicts, and risks to states
integrity...In Y2000, the United Nations (UN) launched the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) initiative but many countries,
including Nigeria lagged behind. The main reason was the lack of
integrated decision-making framework and a proper measurement and
management system...To comply with the United Nations (UN) happiness
and wellbeing initiatives, I looked at various development and
public management frameworks... (including the OECD's CMEPSP, 2009). When comparing other happiness and
wellbeing frameworks around the world, they appear to be either
derived from this (IIM GNW Index of 2005) model or very like its
core framework... From a technical point of view, GNW framework and
Index innovation did to happiness and wellbeing economics what GDP
did to traditional economics; before these metrics, economic
measurements were fragmented across sectors and difficult to
quantify and manage.
Folasade Adesoye, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation (WAPA)
(Nigeria)
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An Alternative to GDP
A
model proposed in 2006 by Med Yones at the International Institute
of Management. By measuring seven developmental areas, including the
nation's mental and emotional health. GNH becomes an index that
gives an average value per inhabitant. The areas measured are the
individual's economics, environment, physical, psychology, workplace
as well as social and political factors. In Sweden, a lot of this is
already measured, but we are missing is a collective term and a
common index that gives us the ability to see if developments are
improving or deteriorating.
AnnCharlotte Stewart, PhD
Uppsala University
(Sweden)
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The
History of Gross National Happiness
From modern
political history, one can see happiness emphasized as part of a
political philosophy, when the phrase "pursuit of happiness" was
used as an important human right in 1776 Declaration of Independence
of the United States. However, happiness policy remained an abstract
idea, with no specific or real legislative, scientific and economic
implementation framework....For about three decades, no real
progress was made inside Bhutan...Most western economists considered
the Bhutan GNH concept as touchy-feely until the introduction of the
first scientific and secular GNH Index in 2005 (also known as GNW
Index) by Med Jones, an American Economist at the International
Institute of Management. Nicolas Sarkozy started a similar
initiative in France calling for the inclusion of happiness and
well-being in the criteria for national governance policies. He
commissioned two Nobel Laureates and a French Economist, Joseph
Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, and Jean Paul Fitoussi to develop a new
framework for measuring happiness and well-being to overcome the
limitation of GDP.... When comparing the message, language, and
recommendations of IIM GNW of 2005 with CMEPSP report of 2009, one
can find they are almost identical.
Monica Correa, Professor of
History, Economics Department
Universidad Dr. Rafael Belloso
Chac-n (URBE)
(Argentina)
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Selling Happiness - A
Thesis on
Strategies in the Pursuit of Happiness
Obviously, due to
the subjective weight associated to happiness, it is a difficult
metric to quantify...Later on, GNH was recognized as a reliable
socioeconomic measurement tool. An attempt to compute this approach
was Med Jones's formula. Jones as stated that national policies had
to be reviewed and new perspectives had to take into account
happiness national outcomes and not just economic and businesses
results (Jones, 2006) ....All those indicators being computed via
direct survey and statistical measurements .(Jones, 2006). These
indicators were also incorporated in the first Global GNH Survey
(Jones, 2006)
Ana Sofia Faustino Rodrigues
ISCTE
Business School
University of Lisbon
(Portugal)
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Dalai
Lama and Laurens van den Muyzenberg. What Buddhism Can bring to the
managers?
Professor Daniel Kahneman, Princeton
University psychologist, Nobel Prize for Economics in
2002...According to his research, happiness can be measured by
following a day reconstruction method, which consists of recalling
memories of the day previous work by writing a diary. In 2006, a
second series of measurements and contents of the BNB (GNH) is
proposed by Med Yones, President of the International Institute of
Management. Its metric measurement system socio-economic includes
the mental and emotional well-being of a given country and the value
of BNB, which is a function of indices of all the average per capita
of (seven wellbeing dimensions).
Librairie Vuibert, Paris, 201 pages.
(Page 27)
Ye YAO, Master in Prospective, Strategy, Organization
Under the supervision of Prof. Yvon PESQUEUX
Conservatoire
national des arts et m'tiers (CNAM) France
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An
Econometric Solution for Lebanon's Public Policy Management
The study explores groundbreaking and popular
proposals that can be used for development for the Lebanese
government... Upon analysis of the four measurement systems, it
appears that the most important transformative developments
originated by researchers at independent private think tanks, namely
the GNW Index... The multidimensional integration of Gross National
Wellbeing Index shifted the definition from psychology to economics
and allowed economists to compute wellbeing as one metric to serve
as a proxy to measure government performance, citizens wellbeing and
development. Upon detailed analysis, it is clear that the OECD
Better Life Index, BLI (2012) is based on CMEPSP Framework
recommendations (2009) and both of them are strikingly similar to
the original Gross National Wellbeing (2005).
Wardeh Safieh
MBA & Accounting
Information Systems Program
Lebanese International University
(LIU)
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Sustainable Consumption
Research and Action Initiative (SCORAI)
..feasibilities of using design for sustainable consumption and
development will be constructed on the basis of historical and
theoretical perspectives of research relevant to the problem,
discovered by SCORAI network... A professor of economics Deirdre
McCloskey (Chicago University) argues that a sense of happiness are
the words of particular moment but the first Gross National
Happiness (GNH) Survey analysed satisfaction of people using seven
different indicator, including capability to satisfy economic
conditions and quality of live environment: economic satisfaction
(savings, debt and purchase power); environmental satisfaction:
(pollution, noise and traffic); workplace satisfaction (job
satisfaction, motivation, ethics, conflict, etc.); physical health
(severe illnesses, overweight); mental health (usage of
antidepressants, self-esteem, positive outlook); social
satisfaction, including family and relationship satisfaction
(domestic disputes, communication, support, sex, discrimination,
safety, divorce rates, complaints of domestic conflicts and family
lawsuits, public lawsuits, crime rates, etc.); political
satisfaction (quality of local democracy, individual freedom, and
foreign conflicts, etc.) (Jones).... there is an apparent difference in
providing social wellbeing by GDP and GNH indexes: the first one
reflects material and economic wealth, the second one social aspect,
i.e. satisfaction with life in general.
Research Proceedings,
Professor Dr. Aija Freimane,
Postdoctoral Research Fellow Design Thinking and Paradigm Shift
of Design
SCORAI Europe
(Latvia)
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A
Modern History of Happiness as Economic Policy
The Global GNW/GNH Survey and the GNW/GNH Index proposed in 2005
have been developed with the aim of measuring Happiness and
Well-being across populations in different countries. The key
recommendations were to use an integrated decision framework and
measurement tool that combines subjective and objective measures and
helps governments manage development policies. The Bhutan Local GNH
Index is similar to the econometric framework of the first
scientific (and secular) GNH (GNW) framework and Index published in
2005.... The publishing of the framework was a turning point that
allowed economists to formulate similar policies like the GNH
framework inside and outside Bhutan... [The Commission on the
Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress
(CMEPSP] report provided similar recommendations to those of the GNW
/ GNH paper of 2005.
Professor Deidre Rose, Ph.D. Anthropologist
Department of
Sociology and Anthropology
University of Guelph
(Canada)
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Government of Goa: 2035 Vision and Roadmap
Happiness is treated
as a socioeconomic development metric in 2006 by
Med Jones. He
tracked seven development areas. [The development council] proposes
that Goa should become the first state in India to start the process
of measuring happiness ...Goa considers this (happiness) to be the most critical
socioeconomic development Indicator. The council also wishes Goa to
be not only the happiness state in India but the world.
Report to Chief Minister (page 111)
Chairman and Members of the
Goa Development Council
Government of State of Goa
(India)
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Community Wellness Plan - Sustainable Development Plan 2009
[Adapted from Med Yones,
2006] The Gross National Happiness concept clearly captures the
complexity of sustainable development, and includes both human and
social indicators, including indicators of: 1.0 Economic Wellness;
2.0 Environmental Wellness; 3.0 Physical Wellness; 4.0 Mental
Wellness 5.0; Workplace Wellness; 6.0 Social Wellness; 7.0 Political
Wellness ...The Green Light District's vision is ambitious- making
the Southside of Williamsburg the most sustainable neighborhood in
the country. (See pages 103-118 for
GNW Implementation)
The Green Light District (Brooklyn)
Community Wellness Plan Studio - New York City Government.
Pratt
Institute - El Puente
(USA)
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Edmonton City Economic Development Vision 2030
The focus for EEDC is on outcomes associated with commitment to a long-term vision. Understandably it is important to also develop near-term indicators as tools to evaluate progress. Involvement of the community is foundational to both. Potential Measurement Approaches: ..Treating happiness as a socioeconomic development metric (by the International Institute of Management)
Sustainable Development Report
Recommendations
Edmonton City, Alberta Canada
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Bangladesh Planning Commission: Shortcomings of GDP and Wellbeing Measurement
One of the objectives of this project is to expand the capacity of the public planners so that the planners have the basic understanding on how an economy works, particularly a developing economy like Bangladesh. With better understanding of the economy and the public policies, planners will be able to analyze the economic issues with greater rigor and confidence and this will be reflected in crafting national policy documents....
The general consensus is that an increase in GDP of a country means that its people are better off. But this may not always be the case as GDP data are far from being perfect measures of economic welfare.... [Gross National Happiness] concept has now evolved into a socioeconomic development framework... A related concept is that of the Gross National Wellness (GNW) Index, developed in 2005 by the International Institute of Management in USA. This index is based on the following seven dimensions: economic, environmental, physical, mental, work, social and political.
Text Book: Introduction to Macroeconomics
[With Application to Bangladesh Economy]
Dr. Kazi Iqbal, Senior
Economist, UNDP Sustainable and Inclusive Planning (SSIP) Project
Amin Bin Hasib, General Economics Division (GED)
Republic of
Bangladesh
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Second Arab Statistical Conference
2009.
To develop a measure of progress in societies
that takes into account the social, cultural and economic
dimensions, where some have this indicator takes into account the
growth of the GNH Index Happiness Index (GNH) (Ref: Med Yones, 2006)
Dr. Louay Shabana Regional Director for Arab States
United Nations Population Fund
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Ethiopian Society of Sociologists, Social
Workers and Anthropologists
Linking Policy and Strategic
Trajectories in Social Capital Development and Civic Engagement...
Testing the GNH methodology and metric measures of human wellness
(See page 7-12 for
Gross National Wellness and Happiness Application)
Costy (BT) Costantinos, PhD School of Graduate
Studies
Department of Management and Public Policy, College of
Management, Information and Economic Sciences
Addis Ababa
University
(Ethiopia)
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Lunch
with a Leader: A Decade of Happiness Study
Jones set out to explore a subject that many
purveyors of 'the dismal science' usually deem untouchable...
"Unless you provide them [economists] with the framework to manage
and track the well-being and happiness of their people they're not
going to do anything about it," he says...The work and ideas of
Jones ...soon gained momentum. In 2009, the-then French president,
Nicholas Sarkozy, announced a plan to measure happiness instead of
gross domestic product, a more traditional state benchmark. The UK
followed several years later, with the creation of a 'National
Well-being' index in 2012... [Jones has] a level of
insight into happiness that might rival that of an ancient sage.
Paul Crompton, Journalist, Al Arabiya News Channel
(Saudi Arabia)
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THE HAPPINESS INDEX
National development is usually measured using GDP (gross domestic
product) or GNP (gross national product)...There can be no doubt
that accurately measuring psychological factors like happiness,
contentment and harmonious relations is a most difficult task due to
their subjective nature but nevertheless some measurements can be
made. Significant effort is being expended in this venture. The
president of the International Institute of Management proposed that
the following measures be included in arriving at the GNH. These are
economic wellness, environmental wellness, physical wellness, mental
wellness, social wellness, workplace wellness, and political
wellness. These all contribute to citizens' happiness and constitute
a more thorough and accurate measure of development...Thus plans for national development must assume a more
holistic approach...This requires a fresh and bold approach to
developmental economics in which the happiness and welfare of people
come first. For this to happen we must first find the right leaders
and enlightened thinkers.
The Guardian -
Professor Prakash Persad
University of Trinidad & Tobago
(Trinidad and Tobago)
:::
Developing and defining the model
of wellbeing in the educational context
..there were
other influential studies which supported and informed the framework
within (the design of this framework within the UK secondary school
context). A model that explains wellbeing through broader
organisational structures and systems is reflected in research by
the President of International Institute of Management, Med Jones'
(2006) who researched wellbeing on a national scale....This model is
holistic and encompasses all three domains from the main framework
of my research.... Indeed Jones' model represents the finer detail
of the final model of wellbeing which enabled the inclusion of
relevant factors such as conflict... These factors can then be
measured quantitatively; as Med Jones has demonstrated in his seven
metric measures of socio-economic development .
..Subjective expressions of wellbeing within the school working
environment it is argued in my research can be transformed into
meaningful quantitative data to explore issues that surround
wellbeing (Jones, 2006).. "The purpose of
the... framework is to bridge the development gap between objective
western, yet incomplete socioeconomic policy framework and holistic
yet subjective eastern philosophy". (Jones, 2006)
Research Paper: Teachers' Perceptions of
Their Own Wellbeing At Work
Vivienne Ekwulugo, PhD, Doctor of
Education
Brunel University London
(United Kingdom)
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The
History of a Cultural Movement that Aspired to Transform America
[Among the 20th century initiatives] the International Institute of
management's Gross National Wellbeing...
Book: Happier? (Page 232 Note: 55). Oxford University Press
Daniel Horowitz, A Historian and
Professor of American Studies Emeritus at Smith College and Chair of
Mary Huggins Gamble Foundation
:::
Design Against Crime - A Human Centered Approach
In 2005, International Institute of Management proposed Gross
National Happiness metric which covers factors such as combination
of complaints of domestic conflicts, lawsuits, and crime rates. In
the UK, research into Wellbeing conducted by the Office of National
Statistics (2016), includes crime as a factor.
Design for Social
Responsibilities Series (Book - Page 44)
Caroline L. Davy and Andrew W.
Wootton
(United Kingdom)
:::
A New Socioeconomic Development Framework
For the past eight
decades many scientists and politicians have recognized the
limitations of Gross Domestic (GDP) and GNP centered public policy.
However, only in the last decade the world has seen a real
advancement in providing an alternative to GDP development model...
Gross National Wellbeing or GNW, (Jones, 2005) a.k.a Gross National
Happiness (GNH)...a policy making and measurement tool centered on
mental and physical health and wellbeing with an integrated
framework that measures subjective and objective wellbeing covering
economic, health & safety, social and education, and
government...After 2005, the research on the subject exploded.
Several public, academic and private initiatives were launched by
famous economists and organizations...After studying the literature,
all initiatives from 2009 until 2016 use similar frameworks with
similar dimensions, just rearranged or presented in different ways
to suit the perspective of the authors... GNW can be used at the individual level, at the
regional level as well as the national level. All investments of
public time, effort, money and projects should be tested against
this integrated multidimensional model instead of the production
based model (GNP).
Dr. Jean Bosco ELAT NFETAM
Permanent Secretary, NACC
Ministry of
Public Health
(Cameroon)
:::
Book: Wake
Up India! - Essays For Our Times
The white paper produced and addressed to America primarily by
IIM as a result of the above mentioned survey is worth looking at
briefly, for the sake of Indian cities...The state, the government -
the rulers - the laws/the judiciary, the bureaucracy/administration
...are not entirely responsible for this state of things, the paper
suggests. The truth is that such radical poverty - a giant problem -
cannot be tackled or alleviated on a giant footing if nation and
state...
remain intact as the main ideological concepts and philosophical
constructs of the twenty first century.
Professor Dr Ampat Varghese Koshy, PhD
Education
Jazan University
:::
How to
Calculate Your Net Happiness
In 2006, Med Jones, the President
of International Institute of Management, proposed an index that
treats happiness as a socioeconomic metric.
Marelisa Fabrega, Juris Doctor
Georgetown University Law Center
(USA)
:::
Joint
Strategic Needs Assessment (JNSA)
Key Findings and Recommendations (Well-being /
Happiness)
There is a strong argument for gaining a better
understanding of the happiness of a population. Jones states that
the "mental and emotional well-being of citizens improves their
performance and broadens the intellectual, physical and social
resources of a nation." ...Happiness and wellbeing are inexplicably
linked to health, mental health as well as economic factors....The
work of the public sector as a whole is to reduce unhappiness.
JSNA Steering Board, England
(United Kingdom)
:::
Real Solutions for a Troubled
Economic System
In 2006, Med Jones, President of International Institute
of Management proposed tracking seven wellness areas (for Gross
National Happiness)
Confronting Capitalism
Professor Philip Kotler, PhD. Financial
Times' One of the Most Influential Management Gurus
Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University
(USA)
:::
Psychology Today Journal
- The Missing Piece in Sustainable Peace
The enhancement
of current data-based indices for annual reporting on state and
regional levels of sustainable peace. This project could build on
the Global Peace Index for measuring and reporting on sustainable
peace worldwide, but integrate promotive, pro-social assessments.
This initiative could be informed by such initiatives as the Gross
National Happiness Index (Med Jones, 2006), the eight bases of a
Culture of Peace (UN Resolution A/RES/52/13), and the Peace Scale
(Klein, Goertz & Diehl, 2008).
Professor Dr. Peter T. Coleman,
Director of the ICC and Conflict Resolution
Columbia University
(USA)
:::
Sustainability and Complexity, a Few
Lessons from Modern Systems Thinking
Operationalization and
measure of sustainability and sustainable development (One of the
models is Gross National Happiness designed by the International
Institute of Management - (See Reference Section)
Czeslaw
Mesjasz, Professor of Economics
University of Krakow
Poland
:::
Creating A Happy Taiwan - National Thesis Competition Library
Med Yones, proposed considering happiness as a socioeconomic
development goal and proposed seven measures including mental and
emotional health
Huang Jinghan
National Pingtung Women's
Library
National Chung Hsing University
(Taiwan)
:::
Book:
Grassroots mobilization, Co-production of Public Policy and the
Promotion of Participatory Democracy by the Brazilian Solidarity
Economy Movement
Med
Yones, the president of the International Institute of Management,
conceives quality of life as being inseparable from good governance
and operationalized these concepts in 2006 as a set of macroeconomic
statistical indicators. This metric measures socioeconomic
development by tracking seven development areas, including the
nation's mental and emotional health. GNH value is proposed to be an
index function of the total average per capita of the following
measures, each of them being a combination of a plurality of related
indicator.
Dr. Ana Margarida Esteve, PhD Department of
Sociology, Brown University
Co-founder of Associa''o
Academia Cidad' The Citizenship Academy
(Brazil)
:::
Well-being
The American International Institute
of management
has presented a well-being GNW combination meter. The model
includes seven sub-areas that each has an impact on experiencing
well-being.
Mental Health Project - Thesis
Jenni
Koivuranta, and Katariina Ylinampa
Department of Health and
Welfare
Lapland University of Applied Sciences
(Finland)
:::
What is Sustainability?
It (happiness policy) would also generally be considered
impossible to design. This is because it is very hard to know what
makes people happy... if measured by objective standards, turns out
to be equivalent to what we call well-being [Yones, Med]... However,
to the extent that happiness does depend on objective conditions
external to the individual, policy can and indeed should promote
them.
John
Farrington Institute for Rural Research, Geography and Environment,
University of Aberdeen, Scotland, (UK)
Tom Kuhlman Agricultural Economics Research
Institute, Wageningen University, (Netherlands)
:::
Book:
International Community Organizing: Wellbeing
One way of thinking about the
quality of life is exploring the questions under the concept of
wellbeing. This is mostly subjective...but there are also attempts
to produce more objectives ways of measure well-being linked...For
our purpose a more applicable example comes from Med Jones (2006)
who identified seven measures of wellness...There are macro
indicators to suggest how well a society is, or is not, doing in
promoting over all wellness of its population. They can of course
scaled down to look at urban areas and it would reasonable to ask
how far the community organizations has had an impact on these
indicators.
Dave Beck, Manager Post Graduate Program
in Community Development University of Glasgow Scotland
Rod
Purcell, Board Member International Association of Community
Development
(United Kingdom)
:::
American Society of Public Administration - Environmental
Policy
GNH, like ecological economics, embraces a systems
approach, connecting many components of the human system in
order to determine overall happiness (International Institute of
Management 2006)
Book: Environmental Decision Making in
Context (Page 88)
Prof. Chad McGuire
University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
(USA)
:::
Restructuring GNH
The first GNH
(Gross National Happiness) survey...The metric measures
socioeconomic development by tracking 7 development areas including
the nation's mental and emotional health... Since then, the kingdom
of Bhutan, with the support of UNDP (UN Development Program), began
to put this concept into practice, and has attracted the attention
of the rest of the world with its new formula to measure the
progress of a community or nation.
Dr. Gaurav Sachar, Professor at UITTR
Chandigarh College of Education
Chandigarh
University
(India)
:::
Can
government deliver on issues like happiness and tolerance?
This week, Sheikh Mohammed bin
Rashid, Vice President of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, declared a new
federal cabinet. It included a new minister of state for happiness -
a post that surprised some international observers... Over several
decades, the idea was developed in different private-sector and
academic institutions. The International Institute of Management in
2005 proposed a gross national well-being index In 2010, the
University of Oxford launched the multidimensional poverty index
that promotes analysis of psychological well-being, and in 2014, the
UK government launched its own well-being statistics. In 2012, the
United Nations general assembly adopted a resolution where it
recognised "the pursuit of happiness is a fundamental human goal"
and stated that gross domestic product "does not adequately reflect
the happiness and well-being of people".
...This is not without good reason - and in the Arab world, there are at least two examples (Egypt and Tunisia) of where an ignorance of a country's well-being preceded upheaval...If we return to the root of the well-being or happiness indexes that are now ingrained in the international community, there is a real opportunity for the UAE in the creation of this portfolio. The new happiness minister's (Ohood Al Roumi) challenge is a real one and the stakes are high. This is true well beyond the UAE. Rather than be surprised that there is a post of minister of state for happiness, we ought to see the position as incredibly important and scrutinise its developments.
Dr HA Hellyer, Associate fellow at the
Royal United Services Institute in London,
Non-resident senior
fellow at the Rafik Hariri Centre for the Middle East at the
Atlantic Council in Washington, DC.
The National Newspaper
(UAE)
:::
Dubai Government
Happiness Initiative
Med Jones receives Sheikh
Mohammed Bin Rashid's "win = victory and love" appreciation award
for his kind participation [in UAE's first happiness forum] which has had significant impact on
helping in people's happiness, serving community, and for social
partnership.
Major General Mohammed Al Marri
Head of the commission for social development and Director General,
GDRFA, Dubai
(UAE)
:::
Kingdom
of Happiness
In recent
months, demonstrators around the world have been demanding a change
in the current capitalist system. In the United States alone,
demonstrations were held in about 100 cities under the slogan
"Occupy Wall Street" - a call that calls for a halt to financial
rule based solely on economic growth. GDP, a measure that examines
and compares the gross domestic product of the countries of the
world, is an economic prism that is too narrow to look at human
progress.... The latest development in the index, published in 2006
by American professor Mad Jones, president of the International
Institute of Management (IIM) in the United States, answers the
overcomes this disadvantage. Jones stated that the degree of
happiness of a given country can be estimated according to the total
per capita average of the following criteria (thus increasing the
number of subjects)...
Netta Ahituv, Journalist
Haaretz
Newspaper Israel
:::
Critical Assessment of the Feasibility For Religious Application
The rationale behind this [IIM GNH Index] proposal was that the gross
domestic product growth rate is not a comprehensive measure to
determine the country's health and well-being. In the new
measurement measure the wellbeing of the nation.
Dr. Ali Paya is a Professor of Philosophy at the Islamic College
(London), Professor of Philosophy of Science at the Sciences and
Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (Tehran), and a Visiting
Professor at the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations.
(Iran)
:::
Effect
of Vertical Integration on Multidimensional Well‑being of Fish
Farmers in Lagos State Fish‑hub, Nigeria
The data obtained were analyzed
using descriptive statistics, Gross National Wellness (GNW) Index
and Average Treatment Effect (ATE). The result of the GNW Index
shows that both the integrated and non‑integrated farmers ranked the
indicators of multidimensional wellness in the same order. They were
satisfied with their social relations (8.70); physical and health
status (7.91); mental and emotional status (7.41); work and income
status (5.87) as well as their economic and retirement status
(5.68). However, they were dissatisfied with the political and
government condition (4.73) as well as their living environment
(3.77)
Opeyemi Eyitayo Ayinde, Hussain Kobe
Ibrahim, Mercy Funke Salami, Lanre Ebenezer Ajibola
Department of
Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Ilorin
(Nigeria)
:::
Building a Viable Nigeria in the World Petroleum Crisis
The imminent "World Oil Crisis" has far reaching
implications that could compound our current poor state of national
well-being. It indeed calls for an extensive brainstorming..Nations
with foresight are beginning to device mitigation efforts and
develop feasible alternatives... Viable States have positive
indicators that derive from enabling and supportive infrastructure
and systems...This can be supported with the Gross National Wellness
Index (GNW Index).
Tosin Ogunmola
Nigerian Society of
Engineers (NSE)
(Nigeria)
:::
FACTORS
THAT INFLUENCE HAPPINESS IN SABAH (MALAYSIA)
The
idea of happiness is not new. Many researchers wanted to include or
incorporate happiness in their work. Thomas Jefferson claims that
pursuit for happiness must be in line with life and liberty. Jeremy
Bentham shows that public policy is accountable for happiness. In
1972, Gross National Happiness focused in increasing the citizen's
happiness in Bhutan. But the quantitative measures used was not very
clear. In 2005, Med Jones improved the Gross National Happiness and
changed its name to Gross National Well-Being. Gross National
Well-Being uses measured based on the socio economic development
characteristics.
Proceedings of International Conference on
Economics
Shee Siew Yiap and Caroline Geetha, Faculty of
Business, Economics and Accountancy, University of Malaysia Sabah
(Malaysia)
:::
Assessing Financing Models to the Goals of Sustainable Consumption
Yones's (2006) work brings clarity to measures which could
be used instead of GDP. Yones (2006) calls it Gross National
Wellness (GNW). The metric measures socioeconomic development by
tracking seven development areas... there is movement in thought and
policy towards better alignment with social and ecological systems,
and in understanding what these metrics measures are give a better
understanding of the purpose or goal of the economic system.
Yusuf Aboobaker
University of Pretoria
South Africa
:::
Toward
The Gross National Wellness (2006)
If one succeeds in getting a mechanism that works it is
possible to get the tallest index of happiness...With this strategy
it is possible to effectively direct toward new values the human,
both individual and collective behaviours. If the objective of a
true democracy is that to give to every individual the dignity, the
happiness, the parity with the others...then it is necessary to
study and to predispose not only the material context, but also the
mental one, in which to achieve.
Maurizio Cucchiara
Economics and MBA
HEC Lausanne - School of Business
University
of Bologna
(Italy)
:::
GNH
Instead of GDP?
Med Yones, president of International Institute of
Management, moved the concept of the GNH to another level, treating
it as a socioeconomic development metric.
Maureen Morgan
Westfair Online
(USA)
:::
Historical Time Line of Happiness Development Initiatives:
-
1972- Bhutan's King introduced the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy [IIM note: This a common error made by many in academia and media. In I972, Sicco Mansholt used the phrase in a letter to the European Commission. Despite wide erroneous citations, Bhutan used the same phrase many years later.]
-
2005- International Institute of Management introduced second generation GNH (GNH 2.0), the first GNH Index and the first Global GNH Index Survey
-
2006- The International Institute of Management published a policy white paper for the implementation of GNH philosophy in the US.
-
2007- Thailand released Green and Happiness Index (GHI).
-
2009- In the United States, the Gallup poll system launched the happiness survey collecting data on national scale. The Gallup Well-Being Index
-
2010- The Centre for Bhutan Studies further defined the original four pillars...he Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative OPHI at the University of Oxford in UK, launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP). Similar to the GNH Index of 2005, OPHI promotes collection and analysis of data on five dimensions including Quality of work, Empowerment, Physical safety, Ability to go about without shame, Psychological wellbeing.
-
2011- The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution which recognised happiness as a "fundamental human goal" and called for "a more inclusive, equitable and balanced approach to economic growth that promotes the happiness and well-being of all peoples".
-
2012- The first ever Happiness took place and the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution which decreed that the International Day of Happiness would be observed every year on 20 March. It was celebrated for the first time in 2013.
Professor K. MANIMEKALAI, Editor in Chief.
Alagappa University
(India)
:::
The Problem of
Measuring and
Comparing the Level of Economic Development of Countries.
A number of problems of traditional indicators hinders the state
to effectively carry out its activities and correctly assess the
welfare of society. Prominent scientists and economists, laureates
of the Nobel Prize in economics, engaged in questions of qualitative
and accurate measurement of the economic development of countries
and the world society at different times. These are the works of
Nobel laureates in economics S. Kuznets, R. Solow, J.
Stiglitz and A. Sen...
Of great importance for the work were the
works on the study of the problems of traditional economic
indicators and the proposal of alternative ones, conducted by A.G. Rodionov-Zrazesky , T. Kalenn , N. Marx and A. Simms , R. Constance,
M. Jones, R. Basu....
In 2006, based on that concept, M. Jones
proposed 7 indicators by which the GNH / GNW could be measured. In
fact, this approach determines happiness from the socioeconomic
point of view of measuring human development. It can be noted that
not all indicators are purely economic. However, in most cases they
are both quantitative, i.e. most of them can be measured due to
statistical data, and also the GNH contains a qualitative
measurement, a number of indicators are those...
On July 19, 2011,
the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution entitled "Happiness: a
holistic approach to development,"...
In 2011, China began to realize
its own happiness index... Conclusion: The importance of
macroeconomic indicators in the modern world is determined by the
desire of the state to improve the quality and well-being of its
citizens. Qualitative indicators that adequately reflect the problem
are necessary for the state when drawing up the necessary policy of
reform and state participation in the economy.
Repetitora (Educator Library of Scientific Articles)
Russian Federation
:::
Developing Life Cycle Environmental Indicators
In 2005, the International
Institute of Management, USA proposed Gross National Well-being
(GNW) index, which is known as the second generation GNH. The
purpose of the new generation GNH was to implement a practical and
more comprehensive framework that can bridge the development gap
between the objective but incomplete western socioeconomic policy
framework and the holistic but subjective eastern political
philosophy. In 2009, the Gallup poll system organised national
happiness survey in USA based on this GNW model.
Sheikh
Mohammad Shafiqul Alam, PhD
Queensland University of Technology
(Australia)
:::
20 Visions of Life in the Year 2020
"We will certainly see a new definition of GDP as a
result as well (maybe even 'gross national wellbeing')."
Gerd
Leonhard, Futurist
Fellow of the Royal Society for the Arts
(Switzerland)
:::
Evidence of Potential Academic Misconduct and Fabrication of the Bhutanese GNH History
The following research notes are courtesy the GNH Institute and Professor Lauchlan T. Munro, University of Ottawa. Canada.
Professor Lauchlan T. Munro, the Director of the School of International Development and Global Studies in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Ottawa in Canada, was a member of the Royal Bhutanese Civil Service, between 1985 and 1987. He worked at the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Canada, a government agency that funded the GNH research. He also served as Chief of Strategic Planning for the United Nations' UNICEF. During the time he served in Bhutan, he did not see any evidence to support several historical claims made by Dasho Karma Ura and the Government of Bhutan. He published an academic paper titled: Where Did Bhutan's Gross National Happiness Come From? The Origins of An Invented Tradition, (2016) at the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs; Professor Munro presented evidence of "invented tradition", "myth-making" and “great exaggeration" in the scientific literature. The following excerpts provide some of the research conclusions: "In its Ninth Five-year Plan 2002–2007, the Planning Commission of the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGOB) stated: “Gross National Happiness…has been the guiding principle of the country’s development efforts for the last two decades.” However, Professor Munro affirms that the year 1996 is the point where the tradition of GNH as Bhutan’s "long-standing national development policy" was invented. He studied the government documents and concluded: “To summarise... none of the Royal Government’s programmatic or policy documents from the 1960s to the mid-1990s referred to GNH...“Nor can GNH be found in the fourth king’s own official pronouncements to his people. A hagiographic tribute to the fourth king published on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his ascension to the throne credits the fourth king with being the creator of GNH, but none of the 53 royal edicts reproduced in the collection mentions GNH.."
Professor Munro points out that "the President of the semi-official think tank, the Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Research, Dasho Karma Ura...have supported a variety of claims regarding GNH’s origins. Even this center of GNH orthodoxy does not have a consistent or verifiable storyline regarding the origins of GNH."
Our independent research supports the findings of Professor Munro. For example, in the Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Operationalization of Gross National Happiness Edited by KARMA URA & KARMA GALAY. Ura writes "His Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the Fourth King of Bhutan, first enunciated the principles of the philosophy of Gross National Happiness, using this specific terminology in the late 1980s". (Reference: Preface of Bhutan GNH Conference Proceedings 2004). That page was originally published at: www.bhutanstudies.org.bt but later the file was removed.) In numerous other documents researchers trustingly repeat a contradictory claim of Dasho Karma Ura that the concept was created in 1972 by the King of Bhutan and that the GNH Index was created by Dasho Karma Ura in 2008. (Reference: Bhutan GNH Commission Presentation 2013 to the OECD).
Professor Munro, writes, "The Royal Government and its allies in CBS and elsewhere have marketed GNH to such audiences with great skill, aplomb and success."
Bhutan's Government Gross National Happiness (GNH) Human Rights Violations and Propaganda
In the 1990s, in compliance of one the of the pillars of Bhutan's national versionGNH policy, i.e. the promotion and preservation of the Buddhist culture, the government of Bhutan conducted one of the largest religious-ethnic cleansings against minority Nepalese of Hindu faith. According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), Over 100,000 or 1/6 of the population of Bhutan of Nepalese origin and Hindu faith were expelled from the country because they “would not integrate with Bhutan’s Buddhist culture.” – (Reference: HRW)
According to the Refugee Council of Australia “It is extraordinary and shocking that a nation can get away with expelling one sixth of its people and somehow keep its international reputation largely intact. The Government of Bhutan should be known not for Gross National Happiness but for Gross National Hypocrisy." (Reference: Refugee Council of Australia)
If you have any questions, feel free to the International Institute of Management
:::
Selected Opinions and Media Quotes
Management Opinions and Quotes and Citations
Executive Education and CEO Leadership Quotes and Citations
Happiness Economics and Welll-being Quotes and Citations
Financial Crisis and Economics Quotes and Citations
:::
Related Pages:
-
For bio, media, and other information, please visit Med Jones' Bio page
:::
Contact Information:
-
- For speaking and consulting engagements, please contact the International Institute of Management
- Please note that Mr. Jones is available for interviews related to business strategy, economic development, happiness and well-being economic, he does not give economic forecasting or investment related media interviews. For institutional investment think tank research and consulting services, please contact the Institute.
:::
